Cov ntaub ntawv semiconductor tau hloov zuj zus los ntawm peb tiam neeg hloov pauv:
1st Gen (Si/Ge) tau tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub,
2nd Gen (GaAs/InP) tau kov yeej cov teeb meem optoelectronic thiab cov teeb meem siab zaus los txhawb kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv,
Tiam 3 (SiC/GaN) tam sim no daws cov teeb meem ntawm lub zog thiab ib puag ncig hnyav, ua rau muaj kev tsis muaj pa roj carbon thiab lub caij nyoog 6G.
Qhov kev nce qib no qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ua tau ntau yam mus rau kev tshwj xeeb hauv kev tshawb fawb txog cov ntaub ntawv.
1. Cov Khoom Siv Semiconductor Thawj Tiam: Silicon (Si) thiab Germanium (Ge)
Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm
Xyoo 1947, Bell Labs tau tsim lub germanium transistor, uas yog lub cim ntawm lub caij nyoog semiconductor. Los ntawm xyoo 1950, silicon maj mam hloov germanium ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov integrated circuits (ICs) vim nws cov txheej oxide ruaj khov (SiO₂) thiab cov khoom muaj nqis ntuj tsim.
Cov Khoom Siv
ⅠQhov sib txawv ntawm Bandgap:
Germanium: 0.67 eV (bandgap nqaim, yooj yim rau kev xau tam sim no, kev ua haujlwm kub tsis zoo).
Silicon: 1.12 eV (indirect bandgap, tsim nyog rau cov logic circuits tab sis tsis muaj peev xwm tso tawm lub teeb).
Ⅱ,Qhov zoo ntawm Silicon:
Nws ntuj tsim cov oxide zoo (SiO₂), ua rau muaj peev xwm tsim MOSFET.
Tus nqi qis thiab muaj av ntau (~ 28% ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke).
III,Cov Kev Txwv:
Kev txav mus los ntawm cov hluav taws xob qis (tsuas yog 1500 cm²/(V·s)), txwv tsis pub ua haujlwm siab.
Kev kam rau siab tsis muaj zog / kub (qhov siab tshaj plaws ua haujlwm kub. ~ 150 ° C).
Cov Ntawv Thov Tseem Ceeb
Ⅰ,Cov Circuits Sib Koom Ua Ke (ICs):
CPUs, cov chips nco (piv txwv li, DRAM, NAND) vam khom silicon rau qhov kev sib koom ua ke siab.
Piv txwv li: Intel's 4004 (1971), thawj lub microprocessor lag luam, siv 10μm silicon technology.
Ⅱ,Cov Khoom Siv Fais Fab:
Cov thyristors thaum ntxov thiab cov MOSFETs qis-voltage (piv txwv li, PC fais fab khoom siv) yog silicon-based.
Cov Teeb Meem & Kev Laus Lawm
Germanium raug tshem tawm vim yog qhov xau thiab qhov tsis ruaj khov ntawm thermal. Txawm li cas los xij, silicon cov kev txwv hauv optoelectronics thiab cov ntawv thov muaj zog siab tau txhawb nqa kev tsim cov semiconductors tiam tom ntej.
2Cov Khoom Siv Semiconductors Tiam Thib Ob: Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) thiab Indium Phosphide (InP)
Keeb Kwm Kev Loj Hlob
Thaum xyoo 1970-1980, cov teb tshiab xws li kev sib txuas lus hauv xov tooj ntawm tes, cov tes hauj lwm fiber ntau, thiab cov thev naus laus zis satellite tau tsim kom muaj kev xav tau sai rau cov khoom siv optoelectronic uas muaj zaus siab thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo. Qhov no tau tsav kev nce qib ntawm cov semiconductors bandgap ncaj qha xws li GaAs thiab InP.
Cov Khoom Siv
Bandgap & Optoelectronic Kev Ua Haujlwm:
GaAs: 1.42 eV (bandgap ncaj qha, ua rau lub teeb ci ntsa iab - zoo tagnrho rau lasers / LEDs).
InP: 1.34 eV (zoo dua rau cov ntawv thov ntev-wavelength, piv txwv li, 1550nm fiber-optic kev sib txuas lus).
Kev txav mus los ntawm cov hluav taws xob:
GaAs ua tiav 8500 cm²/(V·s), ntau dua li silicon (1500 cm²/(V·s)), ua rau nws zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua cov teeb liab GHz.
Qhov tsis zoo
lCov khoom siv tawg yooj yim: Nyuaj dua los tsim dua li silicon; GaAs wafers raug nqi ntau dua 10 ×.
lTsis muaj cov oxide ib txwm muaj: Tsis zoo li silicon's SiO₂, GaAs/InP tsis muaj cov oxides ruaj khov, cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov IC siab.
Cov Ntawv Thov Tseem Ceeb
lRF Pem Hauv Ntej-Xaus:
Cov amplifiers fais fab txawb (PAs), cov transceivers satellite (piv txwv li, GaAs-based HEMT transistors).
lCov khoom siv hluav taws xob Optoelectronics:
Cov teeb laser diodes (CD/DVD drives), LEDs (liab/infrared), cov fiber-optic modules (InP lasers).
lCov Cell Hnub Ci Hauv Chaw:
Cov hlwb GaAs ua tiav 30% kev ua haujlwm zoo (vs. ~ 20% rau silicon), tseem ceeb rau cov satellites.
lCov Kev Txwv Tsis Pub Siv Tshuab
Cov nqi siab txwv GaAs/InP rau cov ntawv thov niche high-end, tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev hloov chaw silicon txoj kev tswj hwm hauv cov chips logic.
Cov Semiconductors Tiam Thib Peb (Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors): Silicon Carbide (SiC) thiab Gallium Nitride (GaN)
Cov Tsav Tsheb Siv Tshuab
Kev Hloov Pauv Zog: Cov tsheb fais fab thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab xav tau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo dua.
Cov Kev Xav Tau Zaus Siab: 5G kev sib txuas lus thiab radar systems xav tau cov zaus siab dua thiab lub zog ceev dua.
Ib puag ncig hnyav heev: Kev siv tshuab aerospace thiab kev lag luam xav tau cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj peev xwm tiv taus qhov kub tshaj 200 ° C.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Bandgap dav dav:
lSiC: Bandgap ntawm 3.26 eV, lub zog hluav taws xob tawg 10 × ntawm silicon, muaj peev xwm tiv taus cov voltages tshaj 10kV.
lGaN: Bandgap ntawm 3.4 eV, electron mobility ntawm 2200 cm² / (V · s), excellent nyob rau hauv high zaus kev ua tau zoo.
Kev Tswj Xyuas Kub:
SiC lub thermal conductivity ncav cuag 4.9 W/(cm·K), peb zaug zoo dua li silicon, ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau cov ntawv thov muaj zog siab.
Cov Teeb Meem Khoom Siv
SiC: Kev loj hlob qeeb qeeb ntawm ib qho siv lead ua yuav tsum tau kub tshaj 2000 ° C, ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm wafer thiab cov nqi siab (6-nti SiC wafer kim dua 20 × ntau dua li silicon).
GaN: Tsis muaj lub substrate ntuj, feem ntau xav tau heteroepitaxy ntawm sapphire, SiC, lossis silicon substrates, ua rau muaj teeb meem lattice mismatch.
Cov Ntawv Thov Tseem Ceeb
Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob:
Cov inverters EV (piv txwv li, Tesla Model 3 siv SiC MOSFETs, txhim kho kev ua haujlwm tau zoo los ntawm 5–10%).
Cov chaw them ceev/adapters (GaN li ua rau 100W+ them ceev thaum txo qhov loj los ntawm 50%).
Cov Khoom Siv RF:
5G chaw nres tsheb fais fab amplifiers (GaN-on-SiC PAs txhawb nqa mmWave zaus).
Cov tub rog radar (GaN muab 5 × lub zog ceev ntawm GaAs).
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob Optoelectronics:
UV LEDs (Cov khoom siv AlGaN siv rau hauv kev tua kab mob thiab kev kuaj xyuas dej zoo).
Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Cia Siab Yav Tom Ntej
SiC tswj hwm kev lag luam muaj zog siab, nrog rau cov modules qib tsheb twb tau tsim ntau lawm, txawm hais tias tus nqi tseem yog qhov teeb meem.
GaN tab tom nthuav dav sai hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (kev them ceev) thiab RF daim ntawv thov, hloov mus rau 8-nti wafers.
Cov ntaub ntawv tshiab xws li gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃, bandgap 4.8eV) thiab pob zeb diamond (5.5eV) yuav tsim tau "tiam plaub" ntawm semiconductors, thawb cov kev txwv voltage dhau 20kV.
Kev Sib Koom Tes thiab Kev Sib Koom Tes ntawm Cov Neeg Tsim Khoom Semiconductor
Kev Sib Txuas, Tsis Yog Kev Hloov:
Silicon tseem yog tus thawj coj hauv cov chips logic thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau cov neeg siv khoom (95% ntawm kev lag luam semiconductor thoob ntiaj teb).
GaAs thiab InP tshwj xeeb hauv cov niches siab-zaus thiab optoelectronic.
SiC/GaN yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv kev siv hluav taws xob thiab kev lag luam.
Piv txwv txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm thev naus laus zis:
GaN-on-Si: Muab GaN nrog cov khoom siv silicon pheej yig rau kev them ceev thiab kev siv RF.
SiC-IGBT hybrid modules: Txhim kho kev hloov pauv grid kom zoo dua.
Cov Qauv Yav Tom Ntej:
Kev koom ua ke sib txawv: Kev sib xyaw cov ntaub ntawv (piv txwv li, Si + GaN) ntawm ib lub nti kom sib npaug kev ua tau zoo thiab tus nqi.
Cov ntaub ntawv bandgap dav heev (piv txwv li, Ga₂O₃, pob zeb diamond) yuav ua rau muaj kev siv ultra-high-voltage (> 20kV) thiab quantum computing applications.
Kev tsim khoom cuam tshuam
GaAs laser epitaxial wafer 4 nti 6 nti
12 nti SIC substrate silicon carbide prime qib txoj kab uas hla 300 hli loj loj 4H-N Haum rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab dissipation cua sov
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Tsib Hlis-07-2025