Cov pob zeb siv lead ua ib leeg tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv xwm, thiab txawm tias thaum lawv tshwm sim los xij, lawv feem ntau me heev - feem ntau ntawm millimeter (mm) scale - thiab nyuaj rau nrhiav tau. Cov pob zeb diamond, emeralds, agates, thiab lwm yam uas tau tshaj tawm feem ntau tsis nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam, tsis txhob hais txog kev siv hauv kev lag luam; feem ntau yog tso tawm hauv tsev khaws puav pheej rau kev nthuav qhia. Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov pob zeb siv lead ua ib leeg muaj nqis tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam, xws li cov pob zeb siv lead ua ib leeg hauv kev lag luam integrated circuit, sapphire feem ntau siv hauv cov iav kho qhov muag, thiab silicon carbide, uas tau nce zuj zus hauv cov semiconductors tiam peb. Lub peev xwm los tsim cov pob zeb siv lead ua ib leeg no hauv kev lag luam tsis yog tsuas yog sawv cev rau lub zog hauv kev lag luam thiab kev siv tshuab xwb tab sis kuj yog lub cim ntawm kev nplua nuj. Qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau kev tsim cov pob zeb siv lead ua ib leeg hauv kev lag luam yog qhov loj me, vim qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txo cov nqi kom zoo dua. Hauv qab no yog qee cov pob zeb siv lead ua ib leeg uas feem ntau pom hauv kev lag luam:
1. Sapphire Ib Leeg Crystal
Sapphire ib leeg siv lead ua yog α-Al₂O₃, uas muaj lub cev siv lead ua hexagonal, Mohs hardness ntawm 9, thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj ruaj khov. Nws tsis yaj hauv cov kua qaub lossis alkaline corrosive, tiv taus kub siab, thiab ua rau pom kev zoo heev, thermal conductivity, thiab hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev.
Yog tias Al ions hauv cov siv lead ua hloov los ntawm Ti thiab Fe ions, cov siv lead ua zoo li xiav thiab hu ua sapphire. Yog tias hloov los ntawm Cr ions, nws zoo li liab thiab hu ua ruby. Txawm li cas los xij, sapphire kev lag luam yog α-Al₂O₃ ntshiab, tsis muaj xim thiab pob tshab, tsis muaj impurities.
Cov pob zeb sapphire kev lag luam feem ntau yog cov wafers, tuab 400–700 μm thiab txoj kab uas hla 4–8 ntiv tes. Cov no hu ua wafers thiab raug txiav los ntawm cov pob zeb siv lead ua. Qhia hauv qab no yog cov pob zeb ingot tshiab rub los ntawm lub cub tawg siv lead ua ib leeg, tseem tsis tau txhuam lossis txiav.
Xyoo 2018, Jinghui Electronic Company hauv Inner Mongolia tau ua tiav kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub pob zeb sapphire loj tshaj plaws uas hnyav 450 kg. Lub pob zeb sapphire loj tshaj plaws yav dhau los hauv ntiaj teb yog lub pob zeb sapphire loj tshaj plaws uas tsim nyob rau hauv Russia uas hnyav 350 kg. Raws li pom hauv daim duab, lub pob zeb no muaj cov duab zoo li qub, pob tshab tag nrho, tsis muaj kab nrib pleb thiab ciam teb, thiab muaj ob peb lub npuas.
2. Ib Leeg-Silicon Siv Crystal
Tam sim no, cov silicon ib leeg siv rau cov chips integrated circuit muaj qhov huv ntawm 99.9999999% txog 99.999999999% (9–11 nines), thiab 420 kg silicon ingot yuav tsum tswj hwm cov qauv zoo li pob zeb diamond. Hauv xwm, txawm tias ib-carat (200 mg) pob zeb diamond kuj tsis tshua muaj.
Kev tsim khoom thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov khoom siv silicon ib leeg yog tswj hwm los ntawm tsib lub tuam txhab loj: Nyiv Shin-Etsu (28.0%), Nyiv SUMCO (21.9%), Taiwan's GlobalWafers (15.1%), Kaus Lim Qab Teb SK Siltron (11.6%), thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees Siltronic (11.3%). Txawm tias lub tuam txhab tsim khoom semiconductor wafer loj tshaj plaws hauv Suav teb, NSIG, tsuas yog tuav txog 2.3% ntawm cov feem ntawm kev ua lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, ua tus neeg tuaj tshiab, nws lub peev xwm yuav tsum tsis txhob raug kwv yees qis. Xyoo 2024, NSIG npaj yuav nqis peev rau hauv ib qhov project los txhim kho 300 hli silicon wafer ntau lawm rau cov circuits sib xyaw, nrog rau kev kwv yees tag nrho ntawm ¥ 13.2 billion.
Ua cov khoom siv raw rau cov chips, cov khoom siv silicon uas muaj cov khoom siv siab heev tab tom hloov pauv ntawm 6-nti mus rau 12-nti txoj kab uas hla. Cov tuam txhab tsim chip thoob ntiaj teb, xws li TSMC thiab GlobalFoundries, tab tom ua cov chips los ntawm 12-nti silicon wafers ua lag luam tseem ceeb, thaum 8-nti wafers maj mam raug tshem tawm. Cov thawj coj hauv tebchaws SMIC tseem siv 6-nti wafers feem ntau. Tam sim no, tsuas yog Nyiv Pooj SUMCO tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv 12-nti wafer uas muaj cov khoom siv siab heev.
3. Gallium Arsenide
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafers yog cov khoom siv semiconductor tseem ceeb, thiab lawv qhov loj me yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem npaj.
Tam sim no, GaAs wafers feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm qhov loj me ntawm 2 nti, 3 nti, 4 nti, 6 nti, 8 nti, thiab 12 nti. Ntawm cov no, 6-nti wafers yog ib qho ntawm cov lus qhia siv dav tshaj plaws.
Qhov txoj kab uas hla siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov siv lead ua ib leeg uas cog los ntawm txoj kev Horizontal Bridgman (HB) feem ntau yog 3 nti, thaum txoj kev Liquid-Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) tuaj yeem tsim cov siv lead ua ib leeg txog li 12 nti hauv txoj kab uas hla. Txawm li cas los xij, kev loj hlob LEC xav tau cov nqi khoom siv siab thiab ua rau cov siv lead ua nrog cov tsis sib xws thiab qhov ceev ntawm kev sib cais. Cov txheej txheem Vertical Gradient Freeze (VGF) thiab Vertical Bridgman (VB) tam sim no tuaj yeem tsim cov siv lead ua ib leeg txog li 8 nti hauv txoj kab uas hla, nrog cov qauv sib xws thiab qhov ceev ntawm kev sib cais qis dua.
Cov thev naus laus zis tsim khoom rau 4-nti thiab 6-nti semi-insulating GaAs polished wafers feem ntau yog tswj hwm los ntawm peb lub tuam txhab: Nyiv Sumitomo Electric Industries, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees Freiberger Compound Materials, thiab Tebchaws Meskas AXT. Los ntawm xyoo 2015, 6-nti substrates twb suav txog ntau dua 90% ntawm kev lag luam.
Xyoo 2019, kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb GaAs substrate tau tswj hwm los ntawm Freiberger, Sumitomo, thiab Beijing Tongmei, nrog rau feem ntawm kev lag luam ntawm 28%, 21%, thiab 13%, raws li. Raws li kev kwv yees los ntawm lub tuam txhab kev sab laj Yole, kev muag khoom thoob ntiaj teb ntawm GaAs substrates (hloov mus rau 2-nti sib npaug) tau txog li 20 lab daim hauv xyoo 2019 thiab kwv yees tias yuav tshaj 35 lab daim los ntawm xyoo 2025. Kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb GaAs substrate tau muaj nqis txog li $ 200 lab hauv xyoo 2019 thiab xav tias yuav ncav cuag $ 348 lab los ntawm xyoo 2025, nrog rau kev loj hlob txhua xyoo (CAGR) ntawm 9.67% txij li xyoo 2019 txog 2025.
4. Silicon Carbide Ib Leeg Crystal
Tam sim no, kev ua lag luam tuaj yeem txhawb nqa tag nrho kev loj hlob ntawm 2-nti thiab 3-nti txoj kab uas hla silicon carbide (SiC) ib leeg siv lead ua ke. Ntau lub tuam txhab tau tshaj tawm kev loj hlob zoo ntawm 4-nti 4H-hom SiC ib leeg siv lead ua ke, cim Tuam Tshoj txoj kev ua tiav ntawm cov qib thoob ntiaj teb hauv kev siv tshuab SiC siv lead ua ke loj hlob. Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ua ntej kev lag luam.
Feem ntau, cov SiC ingots uas cog los ntawm cov txheej txheem ua kua yog me me, nrog rau qhov tuab ntawm qib centimeter. Qhov no kuj yog ib qho laj thawj rau tus nqi siab ntawm SiC wafers.
XKH tshwj xeeb hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho thiab kev ua cov khoom siv semiconductor tseem ceeb, suav nrog sapphire, silicon carbide (SiC), silicon wafers, thiab ceramics, npog tag nrho cov saw hlau muaj nqis los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm crystal mus rau kev ua kom raug. Siv cov peev xwm kev lag luam sib xyaw ua ke, peb muab cov sapphire wafers ua haujlwm siab, silicon carbide substrates, thiab ultra-high-purity silicon wafers, txhawb nqa los ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem xws li kev txiav kev cai, txheej txheej saum npoo, thiab kev tsim cov qauv geometry nyuaj kom ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ib puag ncig hnyav hauv cov tshuab laser, kev tsim semiconductor, thiab kev siv hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab.
Ua raws li cov qauv zoo, peb cov khoom muaj qhov tseeb ntawm micron-level, >1500 ° C thermal stability, thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo dua, ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev ntseeg siab hauv kev ua haujlwm hnyav. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb muab cov khoom siv quartz, cov khoom siv hlau / tsis yog hlau, thiab lwm yam khoom siv semiconductor, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv yooj yim los ntawm prototyping mus rau kev tsim khoom loj rau cov neeg siv khoom thoob plaws kev lag luam.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Yim Hli-29-2025