Semiconductors ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hnub nyoog, nrog rau txhua yam khoom siv iteration redefining ciam teb ntawm tib neeg technology. Los ntawm thawj tiam silicon-based semiconductors mus rau niaj hnub thib plaub-tiam ultra-wide bandgap cov ntaub ntawv, txhua qhov kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tau hloov pauv kev nce qib hauv kev sib txuas lus, lub zog, thiab kev suav. Los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov yam ntxwv thiab cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor uas twb muaj lawm, peb tuaj yeem kwv yees cov lus qhia muaj peev xwm rau thib tsib tiam semiconductors thaum tshawb nrhiav Tuam Tshoj txoj hauv kev hauv kev sib tw no.
I. Yam ntxwv thiab Evolutionary Logic ntawm Plaub Semiconductor Generations
First-Generation Semiconductors: Silicon-Germanium Foundation Era
Cov yam ntxwv: Elemental semiconductors zoo li silicon (Si) thiab germanium (Ge) muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom lag luam, tseem raug kev txom nyem los ntawm nqaim bandgaps (Si: 1.12 eV; Ge: 0.67 eV), txwv qhov voltage kam rau ua thiab kev ua haujlwm siab.
Daim ntaub ntawv: Integrated circuits, solar cells, low-voltage/low-frequency devices.
Kev Hloov Tsav Tsheb: Kev xav tau loj zuj zus rau kev ua haujlwm siab / qhov kub thiab txias hauv optoelectronics outpaced silicon lub peev xwm.
Second-Generation Semiconductors: Lub III-V Compound Revolution
Cov yam ntxwv: III-V cov tebchaw zoo li gallium arsenide (GaAs) thiab indium phosphide (InP) feature wider bandgaps (GaAs: 1.42 eV) thiab siab electron mus rau RF thiab photonic daim ntaub ntawv.
Daim ntawv thov: 5G RF li, laser diodes, satellite kev sib txuas lus.
Cov kev sib tw: Cov khoom tsis txaus (indium abundance: 0.001%), cov tshuaj lom (arsenic), thiab cov nqi ntau lawm.
Kev Hloov Tsav Tsheb: Kev siv hluav taws xob / hluav taws xob xav tau cov khoom siv nrog cov hluav taws xob tawg ntau dua.
Thib Peb-Tsim Semiconductors: Wide Bandgap Zog Hloov Kho
Cov yam ntxwv: Silicon carbide (SiC) thiab gallium nitride (GaN) xa bandgaps> 3eV (SiC: 3.2eV; GaN: 3.4eV), nrog cov thermal conductivity zoo dua thiab cov yam ntxwv siab.
Daim ntawv thov: EV powertrains, PV inverters, 5G infrastructure.
Qhov zoo: 50% + kev txuag hluav taws xob thiab 70% txo qhov loj me piv rau silicon.
Kev Hloov Tsav Tsheb: AI / quantum suav yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov ntsuas kev ua tau zoo.
Fourth-Generation Semiconductors: Ultra-Wide Bandgap Frontier
Cov yam ntxwv: Gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃) thiab pob zeb diamond (C) ua tiav bandgaps txog 4.8eV, sib txuas ultra-low on-resistance nrog kV-chav kawm voltage kam rau ua.
Daim ntaub ntawv: Ultra-high-voltage ICs, sib sib zog nqus-UV detectors, quantum kev sib txuas lus.
Kev tawg: Ga₂O₃ cov cuab yeej tiv taus> 8kV, tripling SiC's efficiency.
Evolutionary Logic: Quantum-scale kev ua tau zoo leaps yog xav tau los kov yeej kev txwv lub cev.
I. Thib tsib-Generation Semiconductor Trends: Quantum Materials & 2D Architectures
Muaj peev xwm loj hlob vectors muaj xws li:
1. Topological Insulators: Surface conduction nrog bulk rwb thaiv tsev enables xoom-lossis electronics.
2. 2D Cov Khoom Siv: Graphene / MoS₂ muab cov lus teb zaus zaus THz thiab hloov pauv hluav taws xob sib raug zoo.
3. Quantum Dots & Photonic Crystals: Bandgap engineering enables optoelectronic-thermal kev koom ua ke.
4. Bio-Semiconductors: DNA/protein-based self-assembling cov ntaub ntawv choj biology thiab electronics.
5. Cov Tsav Tsheb Tseem Ceeb: AI, lub hlwb-computer interfaces, thiab chav-kub superconductivity xav tau.
II. Tuam Tshoj Semiconductor Lub Sijhawm: Los Ntawm Cov Ua Raws Li Tus Thawj Coj
1. Technology Breakthroughs
• 3rd-Gen: Loj ntau lawm ntawm 8-nti SiC substrates; automotive-qib SiC MOSFETs hauv BYD tsheb
• 4th-Gen: 8-nti Ga₂O₃ epitaxy breakthroughs los ntawm XUPT thiab CETC46
2. Txoj cai txhawb nqa
• 14th Tsib Xyoo Plan yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 3rd-gen semiconductors
• Lub xeev muaj ntau pua-billion-yuan nyiaj txiag kev lag luam tsim
• Milestones 6-8 nti GaN pab kiag li lawm thiab Ga₂O₃ transistors teev nyob rau hauv 10 tech nce qib hauv 2024
III. Kev sib tw thiab kev daws teeb meem
1. Technical Bottlenecks
• Crystal Loj hlob: Tsawg tawm los rau cov pob loj loj (xws li Ga₂O₃ tawg)
• Cov qauv kev ntseeg tau: Tsis muaj cov txheej txheem tsim los rau cov kev ntsuam xyuas kev laus zog / siab zaus
2. Supply Chain Gaps
• Khoom siv: <20% cov ntsiab lus hauv tsev rau SiC siv lead ua cog
• Kev txais yuav: Downstream nyiam rau cov khoom tuaj txawv teb chaws
3. Txoj hauv kev zoo
• Kev Lag Luam-Academia Collaboration: Ua qauv tom qab "Third-Gen Semiconductor Alliance"
• Niche Focus: Ua ntej quantum kev sib txuas lus / kev lag luam hluav taws xob tshiab
• Kev Tsim Kho Kev Txawj Ntse: Tsim "Chip Science & Engineering" cov kev kawm
Los ntawm silicon mus rau Ga₂O₃, semiconductor evolution chronicles tib neeg txoj kev yeej ntawm lub cev txwv. Tuam Tshoj lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv kev paub txog cov ntaub ntawv thib plaub thaum pioneering fifth-gen innovation. Raws li Academician Yang Deren tau sau tseg: "Kev tsim kho tshiab tiag tiag yuav tsum tau ua kom tsis muaj kev taug kev." Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm txoj cai, peev, thiab thev naus laus zis yuav txiav txim siab Tuam Tshoj txoj hmoo ntawm semiconductor.
XKH tau tshwm sim los ua cov kev daws teeb meem sib xyaw ua ke tshwj xeeb hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab tshaj plaws thoob plaws ntau tiam neeg. Nrog cov peev txheej tseem ceeb ntawm kev loj hlob siv lead ua, kev ua tiav, thiab cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm, XKH muab cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm siab thiab cov kab mob epitaxial wafers rau kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, RF kev sib txuas lus, thiab optoelectronic systems. Peb lub chaw tsim khoom lag luam suav nrog cov txheej txheem tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim 4-8 nti silicon carbide thiab gallium nitride wafers nrog kev lag luam-kev tswj tsis xws luag, thaum tuav tswj R&D cov kev pabcuam hauv cov ntaub ntawv tawm dav dav dav xws li gallium oxide thiab pob zeb diamond semiconductors. Los ntawm kev sib koom tes nrog cov tuam txhab kev tshawb fawb thiab cov cuab yeej tsim khoom, XKH tau tsim lub platform hloov tau yooj yim uas muaj peev xwm txhawb nqa ob qho tib si kev tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab kev tsim tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv kho kom haum. XKH cov kev txawj ntse tsom mus rau kev daws teeb meem kev lag luam tseem ceeb xws li kev txhim kho wafer uniformity rau cov khoom siv fais fab, txhim kho thermal tswj hauv RF daim ntawv thov, thiab tsim cov heterostructures tshiab rau cov khoom siv photonic tiam tom ntej. Los ntawm kev sib txuas cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj plaws nrog cov peev txheej engineering, XKH ua rau cov neeg siv khoom kov yeej cov kev txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab, lub zog siab, thiab huab cua ib puag ncig thaum txhawb kev lag luam hauv kev lag luam semiconductor hloov mus rau kev ywj pheej ntau dua.
Cov hauv qab no yog XKH's 12inchsapphire wafer & 12inch SiC substrate:
Post lub sij hawm: Jun-06-2025